Saturday, January 25, 2020

Comparison of Techniques for Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis

Comparison of Techniques for Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Background: There is increased need to develop specific biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS) to aid in the diagnosis, improve the management of patients and the monitoring of the effectiveness of treatment. Oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) is up regulated by type 1 interferon. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 7 of OAS1 results in differential enzyme activity. Objective: To correlate different OAS1 genotypes, in patients with relapsing remitting multiple scleroses (RRMS) under interferon-beta (IFN ÃŽ ²) therapy, with disease activity. Subjects and Methods: OAS1 genotype was assessed in 20 patients with RRMS and 20 age and gender matched healthy controls. All patients were medicated with IFN ÃŽ ². The patients were subdivided in terms of disease activity assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), in two groups; group I with minimal disease activity and group II with severely active disease. All patients were followed up every 6 months for a period of 2 years . Results: Genotyping analysis of the OAS1 gene revealed a significant difference between RRMS patients and control group, with lower frequency of GG in patients (25%) compared to controls (65 %) (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, AA genotype was detected 35% of patients compared to 0% in controls (p = 0.01). Regarding disease activity, AA genotype had a significantly higher frequency (71.4%) in patients with severely active disease compared to 15.4% in patients with minimally active disease (p=0.0001). Conclusions: The A-allele is considered risky and the G is protective, so those with the AA genotype in particular should be carefully monitored for evidence of disease activity. Conversely, GG genotype may protect against increased disease activity. Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, the etiology and pathogenesis of which remain largely elusive. The most common form of MS is the relapsing–remitting form (RRMS), in which episodes of acute worsening of neurological function (relapses) are followed by partial or complete recovery periods (remissions) free of disease progression.1,2 Type 1 interferons (IFNs) are innate immune cytokins that activate the JAK/Stat signaling pathway leading to induction of IFN-stimulated genes. The 2,5-OAS family is central to the IFN antiviral pathway for viruses whose replication includes production of double-stranded RNA. One member of this family of proteins, OAS1, induces RNAseL, resulting in degradation of viral RNA, inhibition of virus replication, and promotion of cellular apoptosis.1 Several OAS1 polymorphisms have been reported; one located at the exon 7 splice-acceptor site results in alternative splicing of the OAS1 mRNA. Although clinical trials have proven the efficacy of interferon-beta (IFN ÃŽ ²) in the treatment of RRMS2-4, over one-third of patients have continuing significant disease activity.5 On purely clinical grounds, patients have variously been considered to have responded poorly, based on relapse occurrence6-9 or on disability progression while receiving IFN ÃŽ ² therapy.10 Therefore, cohorts of patients receiving IFN ÃŽ ² can be informative for evaluating general determinants of disease activity. Aim of work: to examine the relationship between OAS1 genotype and indices of disease activity in RRMS under IFN ÃŽ ² therapy. Subjects and Methods Twenty patients with RRMS according to revised McDonald criteria11 were enrolled from an outpatient and inpatient population attending Neurology Department, Tanta University Hospital. Twenty unrelated age- and gender-matched volunteers, with no history of MS or other neurologic disease, were recruited as a control group. All patients received IFNÃŽ ² therapy and followed up every 6 months over a period of 2 years from January 2010 to January 2012. The Ethics Committee of Hospital approved the study, and a written informed consent was obtained from each participant. For all patients, baseline data collected included disease duration, age at onset, relapse history prior to therapy, and clinical disability measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS).12 Relapses were defined as an episode of neurologic disturbance lasting for at least 24 hours and not caused by a change in core body temperature or infection.13 Disability progression was defined as an increase in EDSS score by 1 point from baseline confirmed at 6 months.5 Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples. Primers were designed to specifically amplify a 347-bp product surrounding the rs10774671 SNP. A total of 5 grams of genomic DNA was amplified by PCR. Primer sequences used were; rs 10774671 – forward, TCCAGATGGCATGTCACAGT and reverse, AGAAGGCCAGGAGTCAGGA. Amplification conditions included initial denaturation at 94 centigrade for 2 minutes, followed by 28 cycles at 94 centigrade for 20 seconds, 62 centigrade for 40 seconds 72 centigrade for 30 seconds, with a final extension for 7 minutes at 72 centigrade. The PCR products were digested with the ALU1 restriction enzyme. Digested products were analyzed by agrose gel electrophoresis and genotypes were assigned, the A-allele coding for a truncated form with low activity and the G conferring high enzymatic activity. Patients were assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Group I included minimal disease activity; patients who experienced a maximum of 1 relapse after 24 months of IFNÃŽ ² therapy and had no sustained disability progression. Group II included a severely active disease; patients who had 2 or more relapses on IFNÃŽ ² therapy over 24 months with or without sustained disability progression.14 Statistical Analysis SPSS 10 was used for data analysis.15 P value

Friday, January 17, 2020

The Roles of Women During the Progressive Era

When people think in back to the late 19th and early 20th century, many think of men fighting in war, working in harsh factories, or working on a farm. But what about the women at this time? Many people believe men played the most Important role In this era, but women were Just as equally helpful. If it weren't for what women did then, things would not be the same now. Women played Just as important roles as men did. Without women, men couldn't have done some of the Important things they did back in this time. The first major example of this was women volunteering their time to urse and aid injured soldiers during war, like the Civil War.Women started fundraising to raise money tor medical supplies, like door-to-door campaigns and performances of all kinds. But many women wanted to take a more active role in the war effort. Some tried to find their way to front lines of battles so they could care for sick and injured soldiers as soon as they could. When war called for more men, women took their job in the factories. Factory conditions were dangerous and rough. Working women spent up to twelve hours a day performing factory duties. Another role that was definitely underrated during this time. as the role of a housewife.This may not seem like hard work to some, but during this time being a housewife required a lot. Women made and cooked meals for their family. They had to clean and decorate the house. They sewed clothes, blankets, and draperies. They also had to watch over and raise their children, teaching them their manners and more. If their was an elderly person living in the household, the woman was to take care of them too. If their husband was away or ill, farm women had to harvest crops and plow and plant the fields on top of their other duties. Having a family and up-kept ousehold wouldn't be possible if it weren't for women.They were also plenty of roles women fllled that didn't necessarily Involve men. Some women became teachers. women were discouraged from pursuing higher education because it was culturally considered unnatural for a woman to be educated. Many women had a passion for education, and wanted to educate others, especially youth. For example, Maria Mitchell. She was the first women to be honored winning the election to the American Academy of Arts and sciences. she was given the offer of teaching at Matthew Vassar's school and became one of his greatest teachers. fortunately, most women women were expected to teach young children, while men could teach older ages, such as teenagers. Society said you could not teach and be married at this time it you were a woman. Because of these sexist expectations from mostly men, many women started advocating for women's rights and equality between genders. One of the most important advocates in leading the way for women's rights was Susan B. Anthony. She co-founded the first National Women Suffrage Association and women's rights journal, The Revolution.She also traveled tOf2 arou nd ne country, glvlng speecnes to large crowds aoout women's rlgnts women like her, we would not have the rights we have today. In society today, most people see men and women as equal genders. Women have more opportunities now then they ever have before. Still, any position of power is not usually expected to be a women nowadays. Even though women have proved to be strong, history showing us this, they are still seen as â€Å"weak† and â€Å"emotional† by many. Women were part of vital growth of this country. The roles they played back in time were Just as equally important as men's.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

Neighborhood Data East Harlem - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2104 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: My Neighborhood Essay Did you like this example? Neighborhood Introduction: The definition of neighborhood, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary is, â€Å"a section lived in by neighbors, and usually having distinguishing characteristics, forming a community within a town or city. The area is surrounded by a particular place, person, or object, causing neighborly feeling or conduct†. Every neighborhood is different although, they can be categorized into high income neighborhoods, middle class neighborhoods, and low income neighborhoods. I believe the complexity of gentrification is often applied to lower income neighborhoods. Developer’s chief focus is on improving the neighborhood, however, the improvement conforms to the middle class, and upper class expectations, not for the betterment of the lower class population. The negative results are typically an increase in rent, and property values, along with a change in the neighborhood’s culture. The outcomes of gentrification is negatively viewed, by the East Harlem neighborhood since there’s more cons then pros. In fact, the majority of East Harlem occupants central argument is how the allocation of Mayor De Blasio new rezoning housing development plan would do more harm to the neighborhood than good. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Neighborhood Data: East Harlem" essay for you Create order The neighborhood boundaries of East Harlem is located in â€Å"Upper Manhattan, it encompasses the area between the area north of the upper east side and 96th street to east 42nd street east of 5th Avenue to the East and Harlem Rivers. The East to West Boundaries: The East River to Third Ave. North to South Boundaries: The Harlem River to East 96th St.† (East Harlem NYC Neighborhood Guide Compass. 2018) The East Harlem Neighborhood has several connectors such as sidewalks, streets, parks, trains, and bridges. The well-known streets for tourist’s attractions are, 125th and 116th street and Lexington Avenue. Both streets are popular for their shopping areas, restaurants and mall. The famous connectors that are used as a form of transportation are, The Metro North train, MTA transit, Marcus Garvey Park, and the East River Pier’s (Esplanade), 15, 35, and 42. The other FDR Bridge, Randall’s Island, Wards Island and Central Park. Fifth Avenue is the cutoff point that separates East Harlem from West Harlem. The East Harlem neighborhood has a large amount of physical structures like offices, shelters, apartment buildings, playgrounds, laundromats, and precincts. The aforementioned places are used by the East Harlem population on a daily basis 24 hours, nonstop. Furthermore, there are a variety of governmental acts centered on gentrification, which exemplifies, why the voice of the East Harlem residents needs to be widely heard throughout the legislative committees. This is where housing groups come in and currently advocacy groups are pushing for equitable housing market that they feel they’re entitled to. SBJSA coalition says Mayor DeBlasio Neighborhood Rezoning Plan is destroying historic heritage within the neighborhoods. The Movement for Justice in El Barrio, says Population Characteristics: The population of East Harlem residents, the workers, and the students occupying these entities is approximately 123,579. According to the Community Health Profiles of 2015, the race and ethnicity is 51% Hispanics, 31% blacks, 12% Whites, 6% Asians and 2% of population falls under â€Å"others† category. The following total number could be greater considering, if all illegal undocumented immigrants were reported in households, specifically, during the census data collection, which would produce a higher count percentage-wise. Asian, and 2% of the population falls in Twenty six percent of people living in East Harlem were born in another country and 20% are limited in their use of the English language. In terms of age, 22% of the population falls in the 0 -17 years range, 11% are 18-24 years, 32% are between 25 – 44, 23% are between the ages of 45 – 64, and 12% are 65 years and older. When it comes to education, 36% of the population are college graduates, 38% are high school graduates, and 26% have less than a high school education (King, Hinterland, Dragan, Driver, Harris, Gwynn, Linos, Barbot, Bassett, 2015). EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT: The amalgamation of this Spanish Harlem neighborhood is very unfortunate when it comes to the adult education attainments. Only 60.4% of the population are college graduates. Exactly 87.2% have a high school diploma or higher, and 10.1% some college and no degree, and 12.7 % with Equivalency diplomas. Then there’s the 26% with less than high school education, 5.6% is for 9th to 12th grade level, and 7.2% is under 9th grade level. These education gaps, alone will cause a detrimental impact to human capitalism of the East Harlem neighborhood. In other words, the majority of the neighborhood would be uneducated about knowledgeable academics, necessary to productively compete in today’s economy and job market. The less education development the less chances they would have in being marketable for career opportunities. Human capital is the stock of knowledge, habits, social and personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value I think this will serve as an economical setback to weaken East Harlem’s human capital in neighborhood. Income Characteristics: East Harlem can be considered as a neighborhood in economic distress. Thirty one percent of residents are living in poverty, 12% are unemployed and 49% face a burden paying for housing. These amounts are significantly higher than in other areas around New York City (King, et.al. 2015). The Manhattan Community Profiles says the unemployment rate in 2016 were 5.5% The median income of the neighborhood is $29,696. Medium income for the rest of Manhattan is $79,080 the federal poverty level is $25,100 for a family of four. This is true even through the majority of the population worked a full time, year-round job. In terms of age groups, those 75 years and older have the highest rate of poverty at 50%. The lowest age group for poverty is the 25 – 34 year old’s where the poverty rate is 22%. Considering the various levels of poverty, the largest number of those living in poverty are at 500% of the poverty level (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). â€Å"PUMA states the poverty rate for East Harlem is 33.8% and median income is 31,268%† Housing Characteristics: Poorly maintained homes are one unfortunate component of East Harlem housing. While the city of Manhattan has 57% of its housing having maintenance defects, East Harlem has maintenance defects in 76% of homes. Almost 50% of East Harlem residents spend more than 30% of their income on housing (King, et.al. 2015). There are 45,905 total housing units in East Harlem. Within these units, 3,048 are vacant. Only 3,193 of the occupied units are owner occupied, the remainder are occupied by renters. The median rent cost is $1,575 a month (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). According to The Furman Center the Homeownership rate is 23% and rental vacancy is 4.5%, (pg. 71) The PUMA data states the homeownership rate of â€Å"East Harlem PUMA, NY is 7.14%,† After reviewing the Furman I found that â€Å"Real median gross rent in East Harlem increased from $681 in 2006 to $893 in 2016. Median asking rent — rent for units being advertised for lease — in 2017 was $2,218 in East Harlem, compared to $3,195 in Manhattan and $2,800 citywide. In 2016, 23.4% of renter households in East Harlem were severely rent burdened (spent more than 50% of household income on rent). The rental vacancy rate in East Harlem was 3.1%. In 2016, the homeownership rate in East Harlem was 6.6%. There were 109 property sales in East Harlem in 2017. Sales prices for all residential property types remained about the same in East Harlem between 2016 and 2017, compared to an increase of 1% in Manhattan and an increase of 8.3% citywide.† Health Characteristics: Health is another area that is a concern for East Harlem. Compared to the other areas of New York City, East Harlem is the least healthy. Only 70% of the population reports that their health is excellent, very good, or good. Of the total population, 19% are smokers, 34% have at least one sugary drink daily, 33% are considered obese, and 13% of adults have diabetes. Additionally, 24% of the population is without any form of health insurance. However, East Harlem leads the way in terms of having the most teenaged girls getting the complete human papillomavirus vaccine series and has the most adults getting tested for HIV. East Harlem also has an issue with prenatal care with 10.3% of women having live births having very late or no prenatal care (King, et.al, 2015). HIV is an ongoing concern for East Harlem. For every 100,000 people, 46 of them are diagnosed with HIV. This is also the highest rate within the geographic area of New York City. High blood pressure is also an issue in East Harlem. There are 401 for every 100,000 people suffering from strokes. Lastly, there is the issue of mental health. Again, East Harlem has the highest number of people needing psychiatric hospitalizations. This number is 2,016 for every 100,000 people (King, et.al, 2015). Substance Abuse Characteristics: Drug and alcohol-related hospitalizations in East Harlem are more than twice the rate of all of Manhattan and New York City. For every 100,000 adults, East Harlem has 2,333 alcohol-related hospitalizations. For hospitalizations related to drugs, the area has 2,822 hospitalizations for every 100,000 people. For the much larger area of New York City, there are only 907 hospitalizations for drugs for every 100,000 people (King, et.al. 2015) Neighborhood Conclusion: Overall, East Harlem rates first when compared to other areas of New York City when it comes to areas of concern. Income is in the low making brackets while poverty is on an even higher scale. Thus, college education rates are the prime cause of lower income households in East Harlem. At worst, housing costs are significantly higher when compared to income, and housing in other Manhattan neighborhoods like Greenwich Village, Battery Park, Sutton Place, and Alphabet City. These higher class neighborhoods demonstrate housing inequality and gentrification amongst neighborhoods. And Bill DeBlasio current Rezoning Plan only add more housing constraints instead of ameliorating them. It appears that community development should focus on improving housing conditions. With 76% of housing needing maintenance, there is much improvement to be done. However, this has to be done with the expectation that housing costs will not rise as a result. This will just increase the number of people experiencing hardship in terms of paying for housing. Other community development suggestions would be to create campaigns to push for government to use appropriate income criteria in the housing market area median income of income (AMI) whereby it’s truly an affordable amount of rent for all East Harlem residents, need to be steered towards college attainment, by promoting the importance of college education. It would be prudent to teach the Latin American people and Black people in the neighborhood why it’s imperative they enroll in healthcare, wiser health choices is good for social mobility of the neighborhood. Educators in the neighborhood could introduce benefits of college, the more college enrollment, the m more people finishing college, income in the area will increase. Today there are still unresolved housing disparities which needs to be reformed. Especially, a tremendous need to create a plan to decrease the significant burden on poor residents in the East Harlem. It’s certainly time to reshape this gentrified East Harlem neighborhood who is overpowered by housing inequalities of increasingly high priced rents. What needs to be properly addressed, is the unwanted hardship displacement in East Harlem. Could be reduced and why the De Blasio Administration having effectively increased housing conditions that are in need of vast improvement. Why these things occur, will help the community to find effective solutions for improving these troubled, perpetuated aspects of the East Harlem neighborhood. Bibliography Atlas Statistical Graphs (2018) Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/ Community Heath Profiles (2018) Retrieved from https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2015chp-mn11.pdf East Harlem NYC Neighborhood Guide Compass retrieved from https://www.compass.com/neighborhood-guides/nyc/east-harlem/ Krisel, B. (2018, September 17). Developers Plan Building Boom In East Harlem, Report Says. Retrieved from https://patch.com/new-york/harlem/developers-plan-building-boom-east-harlem-report-says Fighting for a city for humans — not developer Retrieved from https://thevillager.com/2018/10/18/fighting-for-a-city-for-humans-not-developers/ King L, Hinterland K, Dragan KL, Driver CR, Harris TG, Gwynn RC, Linos N, Barbot O, Bassett MT (2015). Community health profiles. Manhattan Community District 11: East Harlem; 2015; 11(59):1-16. Merriam-Webster. (2018). Neighborhood. Retrieved December 4, 2018, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/neighborhood New York City Planning. (2017, November 30). East Harlem rezoning project. Retrieved December 4, 2018, from https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/plans/east-harlem/east-harlem.page NYU Furman Center (2018) the Furman Center for Real Estate Retrieved from https://furmancenter.org/research/sonychan The PUMA fact sheet of East Harlem Retrieved from https://datausa.io/profile/geo/east-harlem-puma-ny/ Richard. F, (2015) The complicated link between Gentrification and displacement retrieved from https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/09/the-complicated-link-between-gentrification-and-displacement/40416 The New York Times retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/07/nyregion/inwood-rezoning-nyc-manhattan.amp.html The New York Times retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/nyregion/segregation-new-york-city-and-de-blasio-affordable-housing.htm Urban Dynamics in New York City-Federal Reserve Bank of New York retrieved from https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/epr/2005/EPRvol11no2.pd U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). Community facts. Retrieved December 4, 2018, from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory - 947 Words

The motivation of a human being is an interesting subject. There many reasons for a person to do the same action. There are also many theories of the motivation of a human being. For this paper, the authors will look at the motivation of Theodore Roosevelt to fulfill Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. We will look how President Roosevelt was motivated to act throughout his life through each stage of the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s Theory The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory is a theory that attempts to summarize motivation. Maslow’s theory is a biopsychosocial theory of motivation. A biopsychosocial theory means that it accounts for the biological needs and the psychosocial needs of a person. (Carpenter Huffman, 2013) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory was first developed by Abraham Maslow in a 1943 paper. (Maslow, 1943) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory works simply. It says that a person will meet baser or more primitive needs first before fulfilling more advanced or sophisticated needs. To the lay person, thus seems to be true. The hierarchy of needs are in the following order from simple to complicated: Physiological Needs – Hunger, thirst, and maintenance of internal state of the body; Safety Needs – to feel secure and safe, to seek pleasure and avoid pain; Belonging and Love Needs – to affiliate with others, be accepted, and give and receive affection; Esteem Needs – to achieve, be competent, gain approval, and excel; and Self-Actualization Needs –Show MoreRelatedMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Maslow Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory has made a major impact in education and within classroom management within our schools. Maslow takes on a holistic approach to education and learning. He looks at the entire physical, emotional, social, and intellectual qualities of an individual and how they impact on learning. According to Maslow s hierarchy theory, the work of the classroom teacher is obvious. Before a student s cognitive needs can be met they must first fulfill their basicRead MoreThe Theory Of Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs2476 Words   |  10 Pagestheorists are Maslow and Herzberg. Maslow talks about a hierarchy of needs, this includes, Basic Needs, Safety Security Needs, Social or Group Needs, Self Esteem and Self Fulfilment. Below is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that he has built his theory around. Maslow says that the basic needs include air, food, drink, shelter, warmth and sleep. Maslow sees these needs as vital to human being in order for the human to survive. Maslow sees basic needs as the most important needs that need to be met forRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory2690 Words   |  11 Pagesit; Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory, McGregor’s Theory X and Y, Herzberg s Two Factor Theory, and McClelland s Theory of Needs. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory looks at a pyramid to describe human’s essential needs and the order they need to be satisfied in. McGregor’s Theory X and Y look at two types of employees, theory x employees and theory y employees. These employees have certain characteristics that go with them. The next theory is Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory. This theory looks at jobRead MoreMaslow s Theory Of The Hierarchy Of Needs925 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Maslow’s theory of the hierarchy of needs is an arrangement of the innate needs that motivate behavior, from the strongest needs at the bottom to the weakest needs at the top. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has five levels. The bottom level is Psychological in which you worry about getting enough food, sex, sleep,homeostasis, breathing, water, and excretion. The second bottom level is Safety in which you mostly need safety of house, employment, body, morality, family, health, resources, andRead MoreMaslow S Theory Of Motivation And Hierarchy Of Needs2239 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Theory Pablo Valdez Liberty University Abstract Abraham Maslow introduced a very simple way of understanding the needs of a person. The Hierarchy of Needs sorts the needs of the lowest and most basic levels to the higher levels. Maslow then arises within their theory of personality, the concept of hierarchy of needs, which needs are structurally organized with varying degrees of power, according to a biological determination given by our genetic makeupRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory1021 Words   |  5 Pagesvariety of needs. Consequently, I prefer the Hierarchy of Needs Theory over the other two (Herzberg Two-Factor and McClelland’s Acquired Needs) content motivation theories. According to Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory, human beings require five levels of needs which are lowest to highest: Physiological, Safety and Security, Love (social), Esteem, and Self-Actualization Needs (Robbins Judge, 2015). The upper needs are most often ignored or less significant until the lower needs are fulfille dRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory953 Words   |  4 Pagespsychology need of the employee. Kinicki and Fugate (2012) introduces Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory as being originally based on research conducted on phobic individuals. PBS (n.d.) defines Maslow’s work as that which is contradictory to those before his, and is determined to understand a human’s positive mental state. Maslow argued that the human psyche is tiered, not unlike a step ladder and the completion of one step preambles another. Maslow’s Hierarchy outlines the basic needs as physiologicalRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory922 Words   |  4 Pagesis this the best option? In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, an individual’s motivation is dependent on their needs and that these needs have an order in which they must be satisfied (Daft, 2014, p. 230). Within Maslow’s theory, we can place monetary incentives in the â€Å"lower needs† category. This category must be satisfied before other needs can be satisfied. When employers look at rewards they need to try to meet both â€Å"lower and â€Å"higher† level needs. Rewards are categorized as either; intrinsicRead MoreMaslow s Theory Of The Hierarchy Of Needs905 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs in 1940. â€Å"Maslow deserves credit for bringing a more holistic, humanistic, and positive approach to the study of human motivation† (McShane Von Glinow, 2014, p.90). Maslow took several steps in studying human motivation. He first started with a holistic approach. He explained that human needs should be studied in groups. People are dependent on those around them, which implies that people drive each other’s behaviors and needs. Second, he studiedRead MoreThe Theory And Maslow s Need Hierarchy Theory1445 Words   |  6 Pagesof my paper will relate the Glass Ceiling concept to two theories – the Equity Theory and Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory. The Equity Theory The Equity Theory can be defined as â€Å"a model of motivation that explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships† (Kinicki Fugate, 2016, p. 156). In an article written by Al-Zawahreh Al-Madi (2012), a noteworthy factor about the Equity Theory is that, â€Å"The fairness of exchange between employees and